Topical skin formulation

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a gel, and corresponding methods for its use, having an SPF of at least 15 comprising at least about 50% by weight of a volatile hydrocarbon, a film former, a solvent comprising an ester group, a combination of ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) sunscreen agents, wherein the UVA sunscreen agent comprises 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane, wherein the PFA of the gel is at least about 5 or at least about 8, and wherein the gel is capable of drying within two minutes after topical application to skin.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371of International Application No. PCT/US2011/036818, filed May 17, 2011,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/345,440,filed May 17, 2010. The contents of the aforementioned applications areincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to topical skin carecompositions. In particular aspects, the compositions can be used as aprimer for subsequent application of additional cosmetic products (e.g.,foundations).

B. Description of Related Art

Foundation primers create a barrier between a user's skin and a cosmeticproduct (e.g., foundations). Primers can provide a smooth or evensurface for subsequent application of a foundation. This barrier allowsfor a more even application and increased durability of the foundationvia reducing the contact between the foundation and sebum or skinperspiration.

A majority of foundation primers have an opaque appearance. This canhelp shield the skin from ultra violet radiation. However, the opacitycan affect the coloring of the foundation that is subsequently applied.

Although some transparent and translucent primers exist that claim tohave ultra violet protection properties, such formulations tend to haverelatively high amounts of non-volatile solvents to ensurephotostability of the sunscreen agents. The problem with this is thatsuch solvents can create unpleasant tactile properties (e.g., heavy andgreasy feel) and can result in a primer that takes prolonged periods oftime to dry once applied to skin.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventor has discovered a gel-based composition that has pleasanttactile properties, can dry within about two minutes, 1 minute, or 30seconds after topical application to skin, and can offer bothultraviolet A(UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) protection to skin. The gelcan be translucent or transparent. In certain aspects, the color can beclear (i.e., colorless) or white.

In one embodiment, there is disclosed a gel having an SPF of at least 15comprising at least about 50% by weight of a volatile hydrocarbon, afilm former, a solvent comprising an ester group, and a combination ofUVA and UVB chemical sunscreen agents, wherein the UVA sunscreen agentcomprises 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane, wherein the gel iscapable of drying or formulated so that it dries within 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1minute or 30 seconds after topical application to the skin. The gel canhave a protection grade for UVA (“PFA”) of at least about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, or more. In particular aspects, the PFA ofthe gel is between 5 and 10, 8 and 10, or 8 and 9. In another aspect,the PFA can be greater than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more. In oneaspect, the PFA of the gel can be at least ⅓ or ½ or more of the valueof the SPF of the gel. In certain aspects, the ratio of SPF to PFAvalues can range from 4:1 to 1:1, 3:1, to 1:1, 2:1 to 1:1, or 1.5:1 to1:1. The skin can be facial skin or body skin (e.g., neck, shoulders,back, chest, arms, hands, abdomen, buttocks, legs, feet, etc.). Inparticular embodiments, the volatile hydrocarbon is isododecane. In oneaspect, the solvent comprising an ester group can be selected from thegroup consisting of C12-15 alkyl benzoate and neopentyl glycoldiheptanoate and a combination of both. The film former can be selectedfrom the group consisting of polysilicone-11, VP hexedecene copolymer,and polyester-7 and any combination thereof or all of these polymers. Inone aspect, the UVA protection of the gel is at least about ½ of the SPFof the gel. The gel can be dermatologically acceptable for topicalapplication to human skin. After the gel is applied to skin, a cosmeticproduct can be applied onto the gel. The UVA sunscreen agent can bepartially, substantially, or completely solubilized in the gel. It canbe solubilized in the gel and can remain solubilized when the gel isstored at 5° C. for four weeks. The gel can be photostable when storedat 5° C. for four weeks. In certain aspects, the gel can be translucentor transparent prior to application to skin. It can be translucent ortransparent after application to skin. The gel can have a viscosityranging from 80,000 to 160,000 cps (or any range or integer therein suchas 90,000, 100,000, 110,000, 120,000, 130,000, 140,000, 150,000, etc.).In one embodiment, the gel includes between 55% to 65% by weight of thevolatile hydrocarbon. In another aspect, the gel can include 5% to 10%by weight of the film former. In certain embodiments, the gel caninclude 2% to 5% by weight of the solvent. The gel can becyclomethicone-free, oil-free, and/or free of physical sunscreen agents(e.g., titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, etc.). In one instance, thecritical wavelength of the protection of that the gel offers from UVradiation is approximately 370 nm. In certain aspects, at least about90% of the UV radiation protection offered by the gel falls within about290 nm-370 nm in wavelength. In certain aspects, the gel can furthercomprise silica (which can be helpful for absorbing ingredients such assebum), skin conditioners (which can be helpful to moisturize skin),and/or emollients (which can be helpful to retain skin moisture).Non-limiting examples of skin conditioners include tribehenin.Non-limiting examples of emollients include dipropylene glycoldebenzoate and PPG-15 stearyl ether benzoate. The composition can alsoinclude a gelling agent (a non-limiting example of which can bedimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20 crosspolymer). In particularembodiments, the combination of sunscreen agents includes4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-ethylhexyl2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl2-hydroxybenzoate, and 2-ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate. In certainaspects, the SPF of the gel can be 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60,or more, or any integer or derivative therein. In other aspects, the SPFcan be less than 15, 10, 5, 2, etc.).

In one embodiment, there is disclosed a gel having an SPF of at least 15comprising 55% to 65% by weight of a volatile hydrocarbon, 5% to 10% byweight of a film former, 2% to 5% by weight of a solvent comprising anester group, and a combination of ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B(UVB) sunscreen agents, wherein the UVA sunscreen agent comprises4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane, wherein the UVA protection ofthe gel is at least ⅓ the value of the SPF of the gel, and wherein thegel is capable of drying or is formulated to dry within 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1minute or 30 seconds after topical application to the skin. The skin canbe facial skin or body skin (e.g., neck, shoulders, back, chest, arms,hands, abdomen, buttocks, legs, feet, etc.). The volatile hydrocarboncan be isododecane, the film former can be a combination ofpolysilicone-11, VP/hexadecene copolymer, and polyester 7, the solventcan be a combination of C12-15 alkyl benzoate and neopentyl glycoldiheptanoate, and the combination of (UVA) and (UVB) ingredients can be4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-ethylhexyl2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl2-hydroxybenzoate, and 2-ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate.

In another aspect of the present invention there is disclosed atranslucent gel comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:at least 50% w/w isododecane; homosalate; dimethicone/bis-isobutylPPG-20 crosspolymer; octisalate; polysilicone-11; VP/hexadecenecopolymer; octocrylene; avobenzone; silica; C12-15 alkyl benzoate;polyester-7; tribehenin; neopentyl glycol diheptanoate; dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate; and PPG-15 stearyl ether benzoate. In particularaspects, the gel comprises 58.7% w/w isododecane; 9% w/w homosalate; 5.5w/w % dimethicone/bis-isobutyle PPG-20 crosspolymer; 5% w/w octisalate;3.72% polysilicone-11; 3.5% w/w VP/hexadecene copolymer; 3% w/woctocrylene; 2.5% w/w avobenzone; 2.5% w/w silica; 2.1% w/w C12-15 alkylbenzoate; 1.5% w/w polyester-7; 1% w/w tribehenin; 1% w/w neopentylglycol diheptanoate; 0.75% w/w dipropylene glycol dibenzoate; and 0.15%w/w PPG-15 stearyl ether benzoate.

Also disclosed is a method of applying a cosmetic composition to skincomprising applying any one of the gels disclosed throughout thisspecification to skin, and subsequently applying a cosmetic compositiononto the gel. The cosmetic composition can be applied after the gel hasdried on the skin. The gel can dry on the skin within 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1minute or within 30 seconds after topical application to the skin. Thecosmetic composition can be a foundation product. The skin can be facialskin or body skin (e.g., neck, shoulders, back, chest, arms, hands,abdomen, buttocks, legs, feet, etc.).

In another embodiment there is disclosed a method for increasing theduration that a cosmetic composition can be worn on skin comprisingapplying any one of the gels disclosed throughout this specification toskin, and subsequently applying a cosmetic composition onto the gel. Thecosmetic composition can be applied after the gel has dried on the skin.The gel can dry on the skin within 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 minute or within 30seconds after topical application to the skin. The cosmetic compositioncan be a foundation product. The skin can be facial skin or body skin(e.g., neck, shoulders, back, chest, arms, hands, abdomen, buttocks,legs, feet, etc.).

In yet another aspect of the present invention there is disclosed amethod for protecting a cosmetic composition from degrading on skincomprising applying any one of the gels disclosed throughout thespecification to skin and subsequently applying the cosmetic compositiononto the gel. The cosmetic composition can be applied after the gel hasdried on the skin. The gel can dry on the skin within 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1minute or 30 seconds after topical application to the skin. The cosmeticcomposition can be a foundation product. The skin can be facial skin orbody skin (e.g., neck, shoulders, back, chest, arms, hands, abdomen,buttocks, legs, feet, etc.).

A further embodiment of the present invention concerns a method forevening out skin texture (e.g., by filing in or smoothing out fine linesor wrinkles, pits, nodules, cracks, creases, pores, etc.) comprisingtopically applying any one of the gels of the present invention to finelines or wrinkles, pits, nodules, cracks, creases, pores, etc. The gelcan dry on the skin within 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 minute or 30 seconds aftertopical application to the skin.

Also disclosed is a method for evening out a person's skin tone ortexture or improving a person's skin complexion comprising topicallyapplying any one of the gels of the present invention to blotchy skin,red skin, melasmic skin, dark spots, aged spots, brown spots, orotherwise disclosed skin. The gel can dry on the skin within 5, 4, 3, 2,or 1 minute or 30 seconds after topical application to the skin.

Kits that include the gels of the present invention are alsocontemplated. In certain embodiments, the composition is comprised in acontainer. The container can be a bottle, dispenser, or package. Thecontainer can dispense a pre-determined amount of the composition. Incertain aspects, the compositions is dispensed in a spray, dollop, orliquid. The container can include indicia on its surface. The indiciacan be a word, an abbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specificationcan be implemented with respect to any method or composition of theinvention, and vice versa. Furthermore, compositions of the inventioncan be used to achieve methods of the invention.

In one embodiment, the topical skin compositions of the currentinvention are pharmaceutically elegant. “Pharmaceutically elegant”describes a composition that has particular tactile properties whichfeel pleasant on the skin (e.g., compositions that are not too watery orgreasy, compositions that have a silky texture, compositions that arenon-tacky or sticky, etc.). Pharmaceutically elegant can also relate tothe creaminess or lubricity properties of the composition or to themoisture retaining properties of the composition.

The terms “dry,” “dries,” “drying” or any variation thereof means thatthe compositions described throughout the specification are in aun-flowable state. By way of example, a composition of the presentinvention that dries within two minutes or 1 minute or 30 seconds aftertopical application to skin is in an un-flowable state.

“Transparent” means that the composition permits light to pass throughit so that objects situated beyond or behind the composition are clearlyor distinctly visible.

“Translucent” or “semi-transparent” means that the composition permitslight to pass through it but diffuses the light so that objects situatedbeyond or behind the composition are visible but not clearly ordistinctly visible.

“Keratinous tissue” includes keratin-containing layers disposed as theoutermost protective covering of mammals and includes, but is notlimited to, skin, hair and nails.

“Topical application” means to apply or spread a composition onto thesurface of keratinous tissue. “Topical skin composition” includescompositions suitable for topical application on keratinous tissue. Suchcompositions are typically dermatologically-acceptable in that they donot have undue toxicity, incompatibility, instability, allergicresponse, and the like, when applied to skin. Topical skin carecompositions of the present invention can have a selected viscosity toavoid significant dripping or pooling after application to skin.

The term “about” or “approximately” are defined as being close to asunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limitingembodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%, preferably within 5%,more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.

The terms “inhibiting” or “reducing” or any variation of these terms,when used in the claims and/or the specification includes any measurabledecrease or complete inhibition to achieve a desired result.

The term “effective,” as that term is used in the specification and/orclaims, means adequate to accomplish a desired, expected, or intendedresult.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” butit is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,”and “one or more than one.”

The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unlessexplicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternativesare mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definitionthat refers to only alternatives and “and/or.”

The words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise”and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and“has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and“include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as“contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not excludeadditional, unrecited elements or method steps.

The compositions of the present invention can comprise, consistessentially of, or consist of the claimed ingredients. In one aspect,compositions consisting essentially of the claimed ingredients excludesingredients that would materially affect the photostability of the UVingredients and/or would increase the drying time of the composition togreater than two minutes after topical application to skin.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the examples,while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by wayof illustration only. Additionally, it is contemplated that changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Although cosmetic compositions currently exist that can be used to“prime” a person's skin for subsequent application of a second cosmeticcomposition (e.g., foundation), these “primers” either lack sufficientcapabilities to protect skin from both UVA and UVB radiation, are opaquein appearance which can negatively affect the color of the secondcomposition being applied onto the primer, have unpleasant tactileproperties that leave the skin feeling oily and greasy, or takeprolonged periods of time to sufficiently dry on the skin which delaysthe process of applying the second composition.

It is important to be able to protect skin from both UVA and UVBradiation. Over exposure to UVA radiation can lead to premature skinaging (e.g., increased appearance in fine lines and wrinkles, loss ofskin elasticity, loss of skin moisture), symptoms that can take years toshow on skin. By comparison, over exposure to UVB radiation, which cancause skin cancer, is commonly associated with sun tanned skin andsunburns. Because the symptoms of overexposure to UVB radiation canmanifest within a short period of time (e.g., within minutes to hours ofexposure), several sunscreen products protect against UVB radiation withlimited protection offered against UVA radiation.

In this regard, a sunscreen product claiming to have a particular SunProtection Factor (“SPF”) number refers to the product's ability toprotect the skin from sunburns. For instance, the SPF of a sunscreen isthe amount of UV radiation required to cause a sunburn on the skin withthe sunscreen on the skin, relative to the amount required to burn theskin without being protected with sunscreen. Applying a sunscreen havingan SPF of 10 to skin provides the skin with 10 times the amount ofprotection from sunburns—i.e., it should take 10 times as long to obtaina sunburn when compared with unprotected skin.

One of the problems associated with SPF values is that this value onlyaccounts for a product's ability to protect the skin against sunburns(which is caused by UVB radiation). An SPF value of a given product isnot indicative of whether the product can protect skin from UVAradiation.

In contrast to SPF values, the Protection Grade of UVA (“PFA”) valuetypically refers to a composition's ability to provide protection fromUVA radiation. PFA values between 2-4 (also referred to as PA +)indicate that the composition provides limited protection against UVAradiation. PFA values between 4-8 (also referred to as PA ++) indicatethat the composition provides moderate protection from UVA radiation.PFA values of 8 or more (also referred to as PA +++) indicate that thecomposition provides a substantial protection from UVA radiation.

A majority of foundation primer products provide limited to noprotection from UV radiation. One of the reasons for this is thatadditional cosmetic compositions are being applied on top of the primer.Therefore, it is thought that the additional composition can provide thenecessary UV radiation protection to skin.

There are sunscreens that provide sufficient protection against both UVAand UVB radiation. A well-known UVA sunscreen agent is avobenzone(4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane), which is highly lipophilic innature. Due to its lipophilicity, a relatively high amount ofnon-volatile hydrophobic ingredients are needed to ensure thatavobenzone is sufficient solubilzed in a given formulation (high amountsof volatile hydrocarbons can cause insolubility issues with avobenzone).The downside to having high amounts of non-volatile hydrophobicingredients, however, is that it leads to compositions that have an oilyor heavy feel when applied to skin. Further, the compositions take aprolonged period of time to actually dry on the skin (e.g., much longerthan two minutes), thus making them inadequate for use as primers.

The inventor has discovered a solution to the aforementioned problemsassociated with primer based products. This solution takes the form of atransparent or translucent gel-based composition surprisingly having atleast 50% by weight of a volatile hydrocarbon. The gel is capable ofprotecting skin from the harmful effects of both UVA and UVB rays.Because of the high amounts of the volatile hydrocarbon, the gel is alsocapable of drying within two minutes, one minute, or thirty secondsafter topical application to skin, thereby making it sufficient to beused as a cosmetic primer. As shown in the examples, the composition hasan SPF of at least about 15 and a PFA of at least about 8, therebyproviding effective protection from both UVB and UVA radiation.

These and other non-limiting aspects of the gel-based composition of thepresent invention are disclosed in the following sections.

A. Volatile Hydrocarbons

Volatile hydrocarbons include hydrocarbons that are liquid at normalpressure and temperature but have a high vapor pressure and thereforeevaporate rapidly. Non-limiting examples of volatile hydrocarbons thatcan be used in the context of the present invention include volatilesaturated hydrocarbons (i.e., alkanes), volatile unsaturatedhydrocarbons (i.e., hydrocarbons that have one or more double or triplebonds between carbon atoms such as alkenes and alkynes), volatilecycloalkanes, and volatile aromatic hydrocarbons. The InternationalCosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 12^(th) Edition (2008)(“CTFA Handbook”) at volume 3, pages 3271-3273, provide a wide range ofvolatile hydrocarbons that can be used in the context of the presentinvention, all of which are incorporated by reference. Non-limitingexamples of such hydrocarbons include isododecane, isoeicosane,isohexadecane, and Isooctane.

B. Film Formers

Film formers are materials or compound, which, upon drying, can producea continuous film on skin. This can increase the durability of acomposition while also resulting in reduced moisture loss from skin. TheCTFA Handbook at volume 3, pages 3187-3192, provides a wide range offilm formers that can be used in the context of the present invention,all of which are incorporated by reference. Non-limiting examples ofsuch film formers include Polysilicone-6, Polysilicone-8,Polysilicone-11, Polysilicone-14,VP/Dimethiconylacrylate/Polycarbamyl/Polyglycol Ester,VP/Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate Copolymer, VP/Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate/Polycarbamyl Polyglycol Ester, VP/Eicosene Copolymer,VP/Hexadecene Copolymer, VP/Methacrylamide/Vinyl Imidazole Copolymer,VP/Polycarbamyl Polyglycol Ester, VP/VA Copolymer, Polyester-1,Polyester-2, Polyester-3, Polyester-4, Polyester-5, Polyester-7,Polyester-8, and Polyester-10.

C. Ester Containing Solvents

Esters are covalent compounds formed between acids and alcohols. Theycan be used to stabilize and solubilze sunscreen agents in the contextof the present invention. The CTFA Handbook at volume 3, pages3079-3088, provides a wide range of ester containing solvents that canbe used in the context of the present invention, all of which areincorporated by reference. Non-limiting examples of such solventsinclude C12-15 Alkyl benzoate, neopentyl glycol diheptanoate,dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, and PPG-15 stearyl ether benzoate.

D. Sunscreen Agents

As noted above, the inventor discovered that sunscreen agents can beincorporated into a gel-based composition having at least about 50% byweight of a volatile hydrocarbon and still remain photo stable aftertopical application to skin for prolonged periods of time. The followingcombination of sunscreen agents work well in the context of the presentinvention: 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (also known ashomosalate), 2-ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (also known as octisalate),2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate (also known asoctocrylene), and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propane-1,3-dione (also known as avobenzone,butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, or4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane). This combination ofingredients can be used to produce a photo stable gel-based primerhaving an SPF of at least 15 while also providing the user withprotection from UVB and UVA radiation in a ratio of 3:1 (UVB:UVA).

It is contemplated that additional sunscreen agents can be used in thecontext of the present invention (either as additives or replacements tothose mentioned in the above paragraph). Non-limiting examples of suchagents include para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), PABA esters (glycerylPABA, amyldimethyl PABA and octyldimethyl PABA), butyl PABA, ethyl PABA,ethyl dihydroxypropyl PABA, benzophenones (oxybenzone, sulisobenzone,benzophenone, and benzophenone-1 through 12), cinnamates (octylmethoxycinnamate, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate, octylmethoxy cinnamate,cinoxate, diisopropyl methyl cinnamate, DEA-methoxycinnamate, ethyldiisopropylcinnamate, glyceryl octanoate dimethoxycinnamate and ethylmethoxycinnamate), cinnamate esters, salicylates (benzyl salicylate,glycol salicylate, isopropylbenzyl salicylate, etc.), anthranilates,ethyl urocanate, other dibenzoylmethane derivatives, octyl triazone,digalloy trioleate, glyceryl aminobenzoate, lawsone withdihydroxyacetone, ethylhexyl triazone, dioctyl butamido triazone,benzylidene malonate polysiloxane, terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonicacid, disodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate, diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate, bis diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl benzoate,bis benzoxazoylphenyl ethylhexylimino triazine, drometrizoletrisiloxane, methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol, andbis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyltriazine,4-methylbenzylidenecamphor, and isopentyl 4-methoxycinnamate.

E. Gelling Agents

The composition of the present invention can be formulated as atransparent gel. Gelling agents such as dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20crosspolymer can used to create the gel-based primer. Further, a widerange of gelling agents are commercially available from Dow Corning(Midland, Mich. (USA)). A non-limiting example includes Dow CorningEL-8050 ID, which is a blend of dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20crosspolymer and isododecane.

F. Compositions of the Present Invention

1. Combinations and Amounts of Ingredients

It is contemplated that the compositions of the present invention caninclude any one of the volatile hydrocarbons, film formers, ester-basedsolvents, sunscreen agents, and gelling agents, or any combination ofthese ingredients. The compositions can also include additionalingredients described throughout this specification. The concentrationsof the volatile hydrocarbons, film formers, ester-based solvents,sunscreen agents, gelling agents, or any additional ingredients canvary. In non-limiting embodiments, for example, the compositions caninclude in their final form, for example, at least about 0.0001%,0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%,0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%, 0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%,0.0018%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%, 0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%,0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%, 0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%,0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%, 0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%,0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%, 0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%,0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%, 0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%,0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%, 0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%,0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%, 0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%,0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%, 0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%,0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%, 0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%,0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%, 0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%,0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%, 0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%,0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%, 0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%,0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0625%, 0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%,0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%, 0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%,0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%, 0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%,0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%, 0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%, 0.4250%,0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%, 0.550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6250%,0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%, 0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%,0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%, 0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%,1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%,2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%,3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%,4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%,6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%,7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%,8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%,9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%,21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% or more, or any range orinteger derivable therein, of at least one of, any combination of, orall of the volatile hydrocarbons, film formers, ester-based solvents,sunscreen agents, gelling agents, or any additional ingredientsdisclosed in this specification. In non-limiting aspects, the percentageof such ingredients can be calculated by weight or volume of the totalweight of the compositions. The concentrations can vary depending on thedesired effect of the compositions or on the product into which thecompositions are incorporated.

2. Products

In addition to foundation primers, the compositions of the presentinvention can be incorporated into other cosmetic products orpharmaceutical products. Non-limiting examples of such products includehand treatment products, décolleté treatment products, sunless skintanning products, hair products (e.g., shampoos, conditioners,colorants, dyes, bleaches, straighteners, and permanent wave products),fingernail products, moisturizing creams, skin creams and lotions,softeners, day lotions, gels, ointments, foundations, night creams,lipsticks and lip balms, toners, masks, deodorants, antiperspirants,exfoliating compositions, shaving-related products (e.g., creams,“bracers” and aftershaves), pre-moistened wipes and washcloths, tanninglotions, bath products such as oils, foot care products such as powdersand sprays, skin colorant and make-up products such as foundations,blushes, rouges eye shadows and lines, lip colors and mascaras, babyproducts (e.g., baby lotions, oils, shampoos, powders and wet wipes),and skin or facial peel products. Additionally, the cosmetic productscan be formulated as leave-on or rinse-off products.

3. Additional Ingredients

Compositions of the present invention can include additionalingredients. Non-limiting examples of additional ingredients includecosmetic ingredients (both active and non-active) and pharmaceuticalingredients (both active and non-active).

a. Cosmetic Ingredients

The CTFA Handbook describes a wide variety of non-limiting cosmeticingredients that can be used in the context of the present invention.Examples of these ingredient classes include: fragrances (artificial andnatural), dyes and color ingredients (e.g., Blue 1, Blue 1 Lake, Red 40,titanium dioxide, D&C blue no. 4, D&C green no. 5, D&C orange no. 4, D&Cred no. 17, D&C red no. 33, D&C violet no. 2, D&C yellow no. 10, and D&Cyellow no. 11), adsorbents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, lubricants,solvents, moisturizers (including, e.g., emollients, humectants, filmformers, occlusive agents, and agents that affect the naturalmoisturization mechanisms of the skin), water-repellants, essentialoils, vitamins (e.g., A, B, C, D, E, and K), trace metals (e.g., zinc,calcium and selenium), anti-irritants (e.g., steroids and non-steroidalanti-inflammatories), botanical extracts (e.g., aloe vera, chamomile,cucumber extract, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and rosemary), anti-microbialagents, antioxidants (e.g., BHT), chelating agents (e.g., disodium EDTAand tetrasodium EDTA), preservatives (e.g., methylparaben andpropylparaben), pH adjusters (e.g., sodium hydroxide and citric acid),absorbents (e.g., aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, kaolin, corn starch,oat starch, cyclodextrin, talc, and zeolite), skin bleaching andlightening agents (e.g., hydroquinone and niacinamide lactate),humectants (e.g., propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol,sorbitol, urea, and manitol), exfoliants (e.g., alpha-hydroxyacids, andbeta-hydroxyacids such as lactic acid, glycolic acid, and salicylicacid; and salts thereof) waterproofing agents (e.g., magnesium/aluminumhydroxide stearate), skin conditioning agents (e.g., aloe extracts,allantoin, bisabolol, ceramides, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid, anddipotassium glycyrrhizate), thickening agents (e.g., substances whichthat can increase the viscosity of a composition such as carboxylic acidpolymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers,polysaccharides, and gums), and silicone containing compounds (e.g.,silicone oils and polyorganosiloxanes). The following provides specificnon-limiting examples of some of the additional ingredients that can beused with the compositions of the present invention.

i. Additional Skin Conditioning Agents and Emollients

Non-limiting examples of skin conditioning agents and emollients thatcan be used with the compositions of the present invention include aminoacids, chondroitin sulfate, diglycerin, erythritol, fructose, glucose,glycerol polymers, glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, honey, hyaluronic acid,hydrogenated honey, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, inositol, lactitol,maltitol, maltose, mannitol, natural moisturizing factor, PEG-15butanediol, polyglyceryl sorbitol, salts of pyrollidone carboxylic acid,potassium PCA, propylene glycol, sodium glucuronate, sodium PCA,sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, urea, and xylitol.

Other examples include acetylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin alcohol,acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, acrylates copolymer,alanine, algae extract, aloe barbadensis, aloe-barbadensis extract, aloebarbadensis gel, althea officinalis extract, aluminum starchoctenylsuccinate, aluminum stearate, apricot (prunus armeniaca) kerneloil, arginine, arginine aspartate, arnica montana extract, ascorbicacid, ascorbyl palmitate, aspartic acid, avocado (persea gratissima)oil, barium sulfate, barrier sphingolipids, butyl alcohol, beeswax,behenyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, BHT, birch (betula alba) bark extract,borage (borago officinalis) extract, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol,butcherbroom (ruscus aculeatus) extract, butylene glycol, calendulaofficinalis extract, calendula officinalis oil, candelilla (euphorbiacerifera) wax, canola oil, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cardamon(elettaria cardamomum) oil, carnauba (copernicia cerifera) wax,carrageenan (chondrus crispus), carrot (daucus carota sativa) oil,castor (ricinus communis) oil, ceramides, ceresin, ceteareth-5,ceteareth-12, ceteareth-20, cetearyl octanoate, ceteth-20, ceteth-24,cetyl acetate, cetyl octanoate, cetyl palmitate, chamomile (anthemisnobilis) oil, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, cholesterylhydroxystearate, citric acid, clary (salvia sclarea) oil, cocoa(theobroma cacao) butter, coco-caprylate/caprate, coconut (cocosnucifera) oil, collagen, collagen amino acids, corn (zea mays) oil,fatty acids, decyl oleate, dextrin, diazolidinyl urea, dimethiconecopolyol, dimethiconol, dioctyl adipate, dioctyl succinate,dipentaerythrityl hexacaprylate/hexacaprate, DMDM hydantoin, DNA,erythritol, ethoxydiglycol, ethyl linoleate, eucalyptus globulus oil,evening primrose (oenothera biennis) oil, fatty acids, tructose,gelatin, geranium maculatum oil, glucosamine, glucose glutamate,glutamic acid, glycereth-26, glycerol, glyceryl distearate, glycerylhydroxystearate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl linoleate, glycerylmyristate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl stearate SE,glycine, glycol stearate, glycol stearate SE, glycosaminoglycans, grape(vitis vinifera) seed oil, hazel (corylus americana) nut oil, hazel(corylus avellana) nut oil, hexylene glycol, honey, hyaluronic acid,hybrid safflower (carthamus tinctorius) oil, hydrogenated castor oil,hydrogenated coco-glycerides, hydrogenated coconut oil, hydrogenatedlanolin, hydrogenated lecithin, hydrogenated palm glyceride,hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenatedtallow glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrolyzed collagen,hydrolyzed elastin, hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans, hydrolyzed keratin,hydrolyzed soy protein, hydroxylated lanolin, hydroxyproline,imidazolidinyl urea, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, isocetyl stearate,isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isodecyl oleate, isopropyl isostearate,isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropylstearate, isostearamide DEA, isostearic acid, isostearyl lactate,isostearyl neopentanoate, jasmine (jasminum officinale) oil, jojoba(buxus chinensis) oil, kelp, kukui (aleurites moluccana) nut oil,lactamide MEA, laneth-16, laneth-10 acetate, lanolin, lanolin acid,lanolin alcohol, lanolin oil, lanolin wax, lavender (lavandulaangustifolia) oil, lecithin, lemon (citrus medica limonum) oil, linoleicacid, linolenic acid, macadamia ternifolia nut oil, magnesium stearate,magnesium sulfate, maltitol, matricaria (chamomilla recutita) oil,methyl glucose sesquistearate, methylsilanol PCA, microcrystalline wax,mineral oil, mink oil, mortierella oil, myristyl lactate, myristylmyristate, myristyl propionate, neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate,octyldodecanol, octyldodecyl myristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate,octyl hydroxystearate, octyl palmitate, octyl salicylate, octylstearate, oleic acid, olive (olea europaea) oil, orange (citrusaurantium dulcis) oil, palm (elaeis guineensis) oil, palmitic acid,pantethine, panthenol, panthenyl ethyl ether, paraffin, PCA, peach(prunus persica) kernel oil, peanut (arachis hypogaea) oil, PEG-8 C12-18ester, PEG-15 cocamine, PEG-150 distearate, PEG-60 glyceryl isostearate,PEG-5 glyceryl stearate, PEG-30 glyceryl stearate, PEG-7 hydrogenatedcastor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-60 hydrogenated castoroil, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, PEG40 sorbitan peroleate,PEG-5 soy sterol, PEG-10 soy sterol, PEG-2 stearate, PEG-8 stearate,PEG-20 stearate, PEG-32 stearate, PEG40 stearate, PEG-50 stearate,PEG-100 stearate, PEG-150 stearate, pentadecalactone, peppermint (menthapiperita) oil, petrolatum, phospholipids, polyamino sugar condensate,polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate, polyquaternium-24, polysorbate 20,polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 85,potassium myristate, potassium palmitate, potassium sorbate, potassiumstearate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate,propylene glycol dioctanoate, propylene glycol dipelargonate, propyleneglycol laurate, propylene glycol stearate, propylene glycol stearate SE,PVP, pyridoxine dipalmitate, quaternium-15, quaternium-18 hectorite,quaternium-22, retinol, retinyl palmitate, rice (oryza sativa) bran oil,RNA, rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis) oil, rose oil, safflower(carthamus tinctorius) oil, sage (salvia officinalis) oil, salicylicacid, sandalwood (santalum album) oil, serine, serum protein, sesame(sesamum indicum) oil, silk powder, sodium chondroitin sulfate, sodiumhyaluronate, sodium lactate, sodium palmitate, sodium PCA, sodiumpolyglutamate, sodium stearate, soluble collagen, sorbic acid, sorbitanlaurate, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan sesquioleate,sorbitan stearate, sorbitol, soybean (glycine soja) oil, sphingolipids,squalane, squalene, stearamide MEA-stearate, stearic acid, stearoxydimethicone, stearoxytrimethylsilane, stearyl alcohol, stearylglycyrrhetinate, stearyl heptanoate, stearyl stearate, sunflower(helianthus annuus) seed oil, sweet almond (prunus amygdalus dulcis)oil, synthetic beeswax, tocopheryl linoleate, tridecyl neopentanoate,tridecyl stearate, triethanolamine, tristearin, urea, vegetable oil,water, waxes, wheat (triticum vulgare) germ oil, and ylang ylang(cananga odorata) oil.

ii. Antioxidants

Non-limiting examples of antioxidants that can be used with thecompositions of the present invention include acetyl cysteine, ascorbicacid polypeptide, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl methylsilanolpectinate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, BHA, BHT, t-butylhydroquinone, cysteine, cysteine HCl, diamylhydroquinone,di-t-butylhydroquinone, dicetyl thiodipropionate, dioleyl tocopherylmethylsilanol, disodium ascorbyl sulfate, distearyl thiodipropionate,ditridecyl thiodipropionate, dodecyl gallate, erythorbic acid, esters ofascorbic acid, ethyl ferulate, ferulic acid, gallic acid esters,hydroquinone, isooctyl thioglycolate, kojic acid, magnesium ascorbate,magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, methylsilanol ascorbate, natural botanicalanti-oxidants such as green tea or grape seed extracts,nordihydroguaiaretic acid, octyl gallate, phenylthioglycolic acid,potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, potassium sulfite, propylgallate, quinones, rosmarinic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite,sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, superoxidedismutase, sodium thioglycolate, sorbityl furfural, thiodiglycol,thiodiglycolamide, thiodiglycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, thiolacticacid, thiosalicylic acid, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12,tocophereth-18, tocophereth-50, tocophersolan, tocopheryl linoleate,tocopheryl nicotinate, tocopheryl succinate, andtris(nonylphenyl)phosphite.

iii. Structuring Agents

In other non-limiting aspects, the compositions of the present inventioncan include a structuring agent. Structuring agents, in certain aspects,assist in providing rheological characteristics to the composition tocontribute to the composition's stability. In other aspects, structuringagents can also function as an emulsifier or surfactant. Non-limitingexamples of structuring agents include stearic acid, palmitic acid,stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, stearic acid, palmiticacid, the polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol having an averageof about 1 to about 21 ethylene oxide units, the polyethylene glycolether of cetyl alcohol having an average of about 1 to about 5 ethyleneoxide units, and mixtures thereof.

iv. Emulsifiers

In some non-limiting aspects, the compositions can include one or moreemulsifiers. Emulsifiers can reduce the interfacial tension betweenphases and improve the formulation and stability of an emulsion. Theemulsifiers can be nonionic, cationic, anionic, and zwitterionicemulsifiers (See McCutcheon's (1986); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,681;4,421,769; 3,755,560). Non-limiting examples include esters of glycerin,esters of propylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol,fatty acid esters of polypropylene glycol, esters of sorbitol, esters ofsorbitan anhydrides, carboxylic acid copolymers, esters and ethers ofglucose, ethoxylated ethers, ethoxylated alcohols, alkyl phosphates,polyoxyethylene fatty ether phosphates, fatty acid amides, acyllactylates, soaps, TEA stearate, DEA oleth-3 phosphate, polyethyleneglycol 20 sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20), polyethylene glycol 5soya sterol, steareth-2, steareth-20, steareth-21, ceteareth-20, PPG-2methyl glucose ether distearate, ceteth-10, polysorbate 80, cetylphosphate, potassium cetyl phosphate, diethanolamine cetyl phosphate,polysorbate 60, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, and mixturesthereof.

v. Silicone Containing Compounds

In non-limiting aspects, silicone containing compounds include anymember of a family of polymeric products whose molecular backbone ismade up of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with side groupsattached to the silicon atoms. By varying the—Si—O— chain lengths, sidegroups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized into a widevariety of materials. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel tosolids.

The silicone containing compounds that can be used in the context of thepresent invention include those described in this specification or thoseknown to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examplesinclude silicone oils (e.g., volatile and non-volatile oils), gels, andsolids. In preferred aspects, the silicon containing compounds includesa silicone oils such as a polyorganosiloxane. Non-limiting examples ofpolyorganosiloxanes include dimethicone, cyclomethicone, phenyltrimethicone, trimethylsilylamodimethicone, stearoxytrimethylsilane, ormixtures of these and other organosiloxane materials in any given ratioin order to achieve the desired consistency and applicationcharacteristics depending upon the intended application (e.g., to aparticular area such as the skin, hair, or eyes). A “volatile siliconeoil” includes a silicone oil have a low heat of vaporization, i.e.normally less than about 50 cal per gram of silicone oil. Non-limitingexamples of volatile silicone oils include: cyclomethicones such as DowCorning 344 Fluid, Dow Corning 345 Fluid, Dow Corning 244 Fluid, and DowCorning 245 Fluid, Volatile Silicon 7207 (Union Carbide Corp., Danbury,Conn.); low viscosity dimethicones, i.e. dimethicones having a viscosityof about 50 cst or less (e.g., dimethicones such as Dow Corning 200-0.5cst Fluid). The Dow Corning Fluids are available from Dow CorningCorporation, Midland, Mich. Cyclomethicone and dimethicone are describedin the Third Edition of the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary(incorporated by reference) as cyclic dimethyl polysiloxane compoundsand a mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers end-blockedwith trimethylsiloxy units, respectively. Other non-limiting volatilesilicone oils that can be used in the context of the present inventioninclude those available from General Electric Co., Silicone ProductsDiv., Waterford, N.Y. and SWS Silicones Div. of Stauffer Chemical Co.,Adrian, Mich.

vi. Essential Oils

Essential oils include oils derived from herbs, flowers, trees, andother plants. Such oils are typically present as tiny droplets betweenthe plant's cells, and can be extracted by several method known to thoseof skill in the art (e.g., steam distilled, enfleurage (i.e., extractionby using fat), maceration, solvent extraction, or mechanical pressing).When these types of oils are exposed to air they tend to evaporate(i.e., a volatile oil). As a result, many essential oils are colorless,but with age they can oxidize and become darker. Essential oils areinsoluble in water and are soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed oils(vegetal), and other organic solvents. Typical physical characteristicsfound in essential oils include boiling points that vary from about 160°to 240° C. and densities ranging from about 0.759 to about 1.096.

Essential oils typically are named by the plant from which the oil isfound. For example, rose oil or peppermint oil are derived from rose orpeppermint plants, respectively. Non-limiting examples of essential oilsthat can be used in the context of the present invention include sesameoil, macadamia nut oil, tea tree oil, evening primrose oil, Spanish sageoil, Spanish rosemary oil, coriander oil, thyme oil, pimento berriesoil, rose oil, anise oil, balsam oil, bergamot oil, rosewood oil, cedaroil, chamomile oil, sage oil, clary sage oil, clove oil, cypress oil,eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, sea fennel oil, frankincense oil, geraniumoil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, jasmine oil, juniper oil, lavender oil,lemon oil, lemongrass oil, lime oil, mandarin oil, marjoram oil, myrrhoil, neroli oil, orange oil, patchouli oil, pepper oil, black pepperoil, petitgrain oil, pine oil, rose otto oil, rosemary oil, sandalwoodoil, spearmint oil, spikenard oil, vetiver oil, wintergreen oil, orylang ylang. Other essential oils known to those of skill in the art arealso contemplated as being useful within the context of the presentinvention.

vii. Thickening Agents

Thickening agents, including thickener or gelling agents, includesubstances that can increase the viscosity of a composition. Thickenersinclude those that can increase the viscosity of a composition withoutsubstantially modifying the efficacy of the active ingredient within thecomposition. Thickeners can also increase the stability of thecompositions of the present invention.

Non-limiting examples of additional thickening agents that can be usedin the context of the present invention include carboxylic acidpolymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers,polysaccharides, and gums. Examples of carboxylic acid polymers includecrosslinked compounds containing one or more monomers derived fromacrylic acid, substituted acrylic acids, and salts and esters of theseacrylic acids and the substituted acrylic acids, wherein thecrosslinking agent contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds andis derived from a polyhydric alcohol (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,445;4,509,949; 2,798,053). Examples of commercially available carboxylicacid polymers include carbomers, which are homopolymers of acrylic acidcrosslinked with allyl ethers of sucrose or pentaerytritol (e.g.,Carbopol™ 900 series from B. F. Goodrich).

Non-limiting examples of crosslinked polyacrylate polymers includecationic and nonionic polymers. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,100,660; 4,849,484; 4,835,206; 4,628,078; 4,599,379).

Non-limiting examples of polyacrylamide polymers (including nonionicpolyacrylamide polymers including substituted branched or unbranchedpolymers) include polyacrylamide, isoparaffin and laureth-7, multi-blockcopolymers of acrylamides and substituted acrylamides with acrylic acidsand substituted acrylic acids.

Non-limiting examples of polysaccharides include cellulose,carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulose acetate propionatecarboxylate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose,hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium cellulosesulfate, and mixtures thereof. Another example is an alkyl substitutedcellulose where the hydroxy groups of the cellulose polymer ishydroxyalkylated (preferably hydroxy ethylated or hydroxypropylated) toform a hydroxyalkylated cellulose which is then further modified with aC₁₀-C₃₀ straight chain or branched chain alkyl group through an etherlinkage. Typically these polymers are ethers of C₁₀-C₃₀ straight orbranched chain alcohols with hydroxyalkylcelluloses. Other usefulpolysaccharides include scleroglucans comprising a linear chain of (1-3)linked glucose units with a (1-6) linked glucose every three unit.

Non-limiting examples of gums that can be used with the presentinvention include acacia, agar, algin, alginic acid, ammonium alginate,amylopectin, calcium alginate, calcium carrageenan, carnitine,carrageenan, dextrin, gelatin, gellan gum, guar gum, guarhydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite, hyaluroinic acid, hydratedsilica, hydroxypropyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl guar, karaya gum, kelp,locust bean gum, natto gum, potassium alginate, potassium carrageenan,propylene glycol alginate, sclerotium gum, sodium carboyxmethyl dextran,sodium carrageenan, tragacanth gum, xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof.

b. Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Pharmaceutical ingredients are also contemplated as being useful withthe emulsion compositions of the present invention. Non-limitingexamples of pharmaceutical ingredients include anti-acne agents, agentsused to treat rosacea, analgesics, anesthetics, anorectals,antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents including non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals,antimicrobials, anti-cancer actives, scabicides, pediculicides,antineoplastics, antiperspirants, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents,antiseborrheic agents, biologically active proteins and peptides, burntreatment agents, cauterizing agents, depigmenting agents, depilatories,diaper rash treatment agents, enzymes, hair growth stimulants, hairgrowth retardants including DFMO and its salts and analogs, hemostatics,kerotolytics, canker sore treatment agents, cold sore treatment agents,dental and periodontal treatment agents, photosensitizing actives, skinprotectant/barrier agents, steroids including hormones andcorticosteroids, sunburn treatment agents, sunscreens, transdermalactives, nasal actives, vaginal actives, wart treatment agents, woundtreatment agents, wound healing agents, etc.

G. Kits

Kits are also contemplated as being used in certain aspects of thepresent invention. For instance, a composition of the present inventioncan be included in a kit. A kit can include a container. Containers caninclude a bottle, a metal tube, a laminate tube, a plastic tube, adispenser, a pressurized container, a barrier container, a package, acompartment, a lipstick container, a compact container, cosmetic pansthat can hold cosmetic compositions, or other types of containers suchas injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which thedispersions or compositions or desired bottles, dispensers, or packagesare retained. The kit and/or container can include indicia on itssurface. The indicia, for example, can be a word, a phrase, anabbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

The containers can dispense a pre-determined amount of a composition. Inother embodiments, the container can be squeezed (e.g., metal, laminate,or plastic tube) to dispense a desired amount of the composition. Thecomposition can be dispensed as a spray, foam, an aerosol, a liquid, afluid, or a semi-solid. The containers can have spray, pump, or squeezemechanisms. A kit can also include instructions for using the kit and/orcompositions. Instructions can include an explanation of how to apply,use, and maintain the compositions.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to demonstrate certain non-limitingaspects of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill inthe art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which followrepresent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in thepractice of the invention. However, those of skill in the art should, inlight of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can bemade in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain alike or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

Example 1 Non-Limiting Composition

Table 1 described a non-limiting foundation primer gel in the context ofthe compositions of the present invention. The gel has a translucentappearance upon visual inspection.

TABLE 1 % Concentration Ingredients** (by weight) Isododecane q.s. (atleast 50%) Homosalate 9 Dimethicone/Bis-Isobutyle PPG-20 Crosspolymer5.55 Octisalate 5 Polysilicone-11 3.72 VP/Hexadecene Copolymer 3.5Octocrylene 3 Avobenzone 2.5 Silica 2.5 C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate 2.1Polyester-7 1.5 Tribehenin 1 Neopentyl Glycol Diheptanoate 1 DipropyleneGlycol Dibenzoate 0.75 PPG-15 Stearyl Ether Benzoate 0.15 TOTAL 100

The composition described in Table 1 was prepared as follows: (1) AddHomosalate, Octisalate, Octocrylene, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, DipropyleneGlycol Dibenzoate, PPG-15 Stearyl Ether Benzoate, Polyester-7, NeopentylGlycol Diheptanoate, PVP/Hexadecene Copolymer, and Avobenzone to mixingvessel, then mix at 70-75° C. with Propeller mixer until uniform; (2)add Glyceryl Tribehenate and maintain mixing temperatures and mixingspeed until batch uniform and transparent; (3) increase Propeller mixingto high speed, then add Isododecane, Polysilicone-11, Isododecane, andDimethicone/Bis-Isobutyl PPG-20 Crosspolymer, and let batch cool to45-55° C., mixing until gels are completely dispersed; and (4) addSilica into batch with high speed Propeller mixing and allow batch tocool between 38 to 45° C., and continue mixing until powder iscompletely dispersed, and batch appears uniform.

The gel dries within about 30 seconds to 1-2 minutes after beingtopically applied to skin. Drying is confirmed by comparing theflowability of the composition immediately after topical application toskin, in which the composition is still in a flowable state, to thecomposition 30 seconds, 1 minute, and 2 minutes after topicalapplication to skin, in which the composition is no longer in a flowablestate.

Example 2 SPF Protection Data

The gel described in Table 1 was tested (referred to as “Table 1 Gel”)to determine the static sun protection factor (SPF) as a sunscreenaccording to the FDA Proposed Amendment of Final Monograph 2007.

Materials and Methods: Assays were conducted according to the proceduresand criteria outlined in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposedAmendment of Final Monograph of 2007 for sunscreen testing published inthe Federal Register, vol. 72, No. 165, Aug. 27, 2007. The subjectselection criteria included:

-   -   1. According to the FDA criteria, only subjects with Skin Types        I, II, or III were selected:        -   Type I: Always burns easily; never tans (sensitive);        -   Type II: Always burns easily; tans minimally (sensitive);            and        -   Type III: Burns moderately; tans gradually (light brown)            (normal)    -   2. At least 18 years old, providing legally effective, written        informed consent.    -   3. No dermatological or other medical or physical condition        which would interfere with the test results and might be        confused for a skin reaction.    -   4. No history of abnormal response to sunlight or be taking        medication that might produce an abnormal response to sunlight.    -   5. Not currently suntanned or sun burnt.    -   6. Not pregnant or nursing.    -   7. Willing to avoid sun and tanning lamp exposure during the        study.

On the first day of the study each subject received a series of UV dosesfrom a Xenon arc solar simulator to an unprotected site on the mid-back.The solar simulator was a single-port xenon arc lamp with a 1 mm WG320UVC blocking filter, a 1 mm UG-11 visible and infrared blocking filterand a heat rejecting dichroic mirror (Model 16S, Solar light Co., PA,USA). On the second day the minimal erythema dose (MED) was determinedas the lowest UV dose which produced perceptible, unambiguous erythemawith clearly defined borders. 100 mg of the Table 1 Gel and 100 mg ofthe P2 standard sunscreen (Cosmotech laboratories, Inc. NJ) were appliedto separate, adjacent 50 cm² areas of the mid-back. Eachsunscreen-protected site was divided into five sub-site test areas thatwere at least 1 cm² in area for UV exposures. After a 15-minute dryingperiod, UV doses ranging from 0.76 to 1.32 times the product of the MEDand the expected SPF were administered to each test sunscreen-protectedarea. UV doses ranging from 0.76 to 1.32 times the product of the MEDand 15 were administered to the standard sunscreen-protected area. Aseries of UV doses, ranging from 0.64 to 1.56 times the original MED,were also administered to unprotected site. On the third day, the MEDwas determined for the sunscreen-protected sites and the unprotectedsite.

The grading scale for Erythema responses to UV doses administered tountreated sites and sunscreen treated sites were:

0 No erythemal response

1 Minimally perceptible erythema

2 Mild erythema with clearly defined borders (MED reaction)

3 Moderate erythema with sharp borders

4 Dark red erythema with sharp borders

5 Dark red erythema with sharp borders and possible edema

6 Intense erythema with sharp borders and edema

The SPF for each formula on each panelist was calculated using thefollowing formula:

${SPF} = \frac{{MED}\mspace{14mu}\text{Test~~Material~~or~~Standard}}{{MED}\mspace{14mu}\text{Unprotected~~Control}}$

The Mean SPF Value for the panel was calculated as the arithmeticaverage of all the individual values.

The label claim SPF was calculated as follows: (Mean SPF Value−A)rounded down to the nearest whole number, where A=ts/sqrt(n), t=Upper 5%of student's t distribution, s=standard deviation, n=number of subjects.

A Product Category Description (PCD) was assigned based on thefollowing:

-   -   (i) If 50+A<Mean SPF, the PCD is “Highest”;    -   (ii) If 30+A</=Mean SPF</=50+A, PCD is “High”;    -   (iii) If 15+A</=Mean SPF<30+A, PCD is “Medium”;    -   (iv) If 2+A<1=Mean SPF<15+A, PCD is “Low”; and    -   (v) If Mean SPF<2+A, the product shall not be labeled as an OTC        sunscreen drug product and may not display an SPF value.

Results: Twenty subjects (ages 19 to 63 years) completed the study. Themean static SPF of the Table 1 Gel was 16.2 (n=20, SD=1.8). The meanSPF-A, rounded down to the nearest whole number was 15. The mean staticSPF of the P2 standard was 16.7 (n=20, SD=1.7). The mean static SPF ofthe P2 standard was within the required range. No adverse events werereported.

Conclusion: The mean static SPF for the gel described in Table 1 of thisspecification was 16.2. Therefore, it meets the labeling requirement forstatic SPF 15 and PCD of “Medium” according to the FDA Monograph.

Example 3 UVA Protection Data

The gel described in Table 1 was tested (referred to as “Table 1 Gel”)to evaluate its UVA protection efficacy using the in vitro CriticalWavelength determination method of Diffey. (Diffey BL. A method forbroad-spectrum classification of sunscreens—Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 1994;16:47-52.).

Materials and Methods: The UV transmission spectrum was measured for a 5cm×5 cm roughened Polymethyl Methacrylate plate (PMMA) Substrate, andthe Table 1 Gel was applied to the substrate at approximately 1 mg/cm².UV transmission spectrum of the Table 1 Gel was determined using anOptronic Laboratories Spectroradiometer, Model 754, and the UVabsorbance was calculated for each wavelength (λ). The criticalwavelength (λc) was determined as the wavelength at which the integralof the spectral absorbance curve reaches 90 percent of the integral from290 nm to 400 nm according to the method of Diffey where criticalwavelengthis defined as the wavelength below which 90% of the area underthe curve (A_(λ)) resides.

A series of absorbance values were calculated for each of the fiveseparate plates to which the Table 1 Gel had been applied. Theabsorbance at each wavelength increment (A_(λ)) was calculated:

A_(λ) = log (C_(λ)/P_(λ)) where$C_{\lambda} = \sqrt[n]{\left( {{c_{\lambda}\lbrack 1\rbrack} \times {c_{\lambda}\lbrack 2\rbrack} \times \ldots \times {c_{\lambda}\lbrack n\rbrack}} \right.}$$P_{\lambda} = \sqrt[n]{\left( {{p_{\lambda}\lbrack 1\rbrack} \times {p_{\lambda}\lbrack 2\rbrack} \times \ldots \times {p_{\lambda}\lbrack n\rbrack}} \right.}$

-   -   c_(λ)=the arithmetic mean of transmission measurements taken at        the measurement point n and at wavelength λ for the reference        sample (glycerine-treated roughened PMMA plate);    -   p_(λ)=the arithmetic mean of transmission measurements taken at        the measurement point n and at wavelength for the irradiated        sunscreen product treated sample (roughened PMMA plate).

The Critical Wavelength is calculated for each irradiated plate asfollows:

∫₂₉₀^(λ c)A λ⋅ d λ = 0.9∫₂₉₀⁴⁰⁰A λ⋅ d λThe final Critical Wavelength value for the Table 1 Gel is the mean ofthe values recorded for each measured, irradiated, product-treatedplate.

Results: The Table 1 Gel had a critical wavelength value of 376 nm andsatisfied the criterion for “Broad Spectrum” labeling according to themethod outlined above.

Conclusion: The results of this assay support the ‘Broad Spectrum’ claimfor the gel identified in Table 1.

Example 4 Protection Grade of UVA Data

The gel described in Table 1 was tested (referred to as “Table 1 Gel”)to evaluate its Protection Grade of UVA (“PFA”) using persistent pigmentdarkening (PPD) as a visual endpoint.

Materials and Methods: The assay was conducted according to theprocedures and criteria outlined in the Japan Cosmetic IndustryAssociation (JCIA) Expert Committee on Ultra-Violet Standard ProtectionFactor of UVA (PFA) Test Method (Nov. 15, 1996) pp 50-59. The subjectselection criteria was the same as that described above in Example 2.

Persistent Pigment-Darkening was determined for each subject prior tothe testing to determine the Minimal Persistent Pigment Darkening (MPPD)dose. The subject's MPPD is the time interval or dosage of UVA lightexposure sufficient to produce defined darkening (grade 1.0 below) ondesignated test sites.

The Xenon Arc Solar Simulator (Solar Light Company, Philadelphia, Pa.)filtered so that it provided a continuous emission spectrum covering theUVA range (320 to 400 nm) by using a Schott WG 335/3 mm and UG 11/1 mmfilters was used as the light source.

The gel described in Table 1 and a control material (per the JCIA,provided by SRL) were applied on the backs of the subjects to obtain 2mg/cm². The test sites (protected and unprotected) were exposed to UVAlight no less than 15 minutes after the application of the Table 1 geland control materials. The UVA doses for the PFA determination werebased on the MPPD dose for the panelist (unprotected skin) and theexpected PFA for the Table 1 and control sunscreens. Five UVA doses thatwere applied to each area were fractions of the expected value accordingto the Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Multiple of Subject MPPD and Expected PFA 0.64 0.08 1.00 1.251.56

All test sites were evaluated within 2 to 4 hours post-irradiation todetermine Minimal Persistent Pigment Darkening as defined below. TheResponse Evaluation Scale included the following:

0 Negative, no visible pigment darkening

0.5 Minimal pigment darkening

1.0 Defined pigment darkening (MPPD)

2.0 Moderate pigment darkening

3.0 Marked pigment darkening

The PFA was calculated using the following formula:

${P\; F\; A} = \frac{M\; P\; P\; D\mspace{14mu}{Protected}\mspace{14mu}{Skin}\mspace{14mu}\left( {{Test}\mspace{14mu}{Material}\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu}{Standard}} \right)}{M\; P\; P\; D\mspace{14mu}{Unprotected}\mspace{14mu}{Skin}}$

For labeling purposes, a sunscreen product may be categorized asfollows:

PFA Value PA Value Over 2, less than 4 PA+ 4 or more, less than 8 PA++ 8or more PA+++

Results: Ten subjects were used and all completed the study. No adversereactions were observed in any of the subjects. The mean PFA values forthe Table 1 and control materials are presented below:

PFA (Mean ± Standard Error Test Material Standard Deviation (% of themean) Table 1 Gel 8.7 ± 1.5  5.5% PFA Control 4.2 ± 0.60 4.6% (JCIAStandard)

The standard errors (as a percentage of the mean PFA) for both the Table1 Gel and the PFA Control were within acceptable limits (<10%) and thePFA for the PFA Control was within the range of 3.75±1.01 (2.74 to 4.76)and therefore the assay was considered valid.

Conclusion: The results of this assay support the UVA protection claim(PFA and PA rating) for the Table 1 Gel. Therefore, the Gel can becategorized as a PA+++ protective sunscreen product.

Example 5 Stability Data

Table 2 provides stability data for the gel described in Table 1.

TABLE 3 Time Test Conditions Interval Test Result* 5° C. 0 Days No whiteparticles upon visual 5° C. 3 Days No white particles upon visual 5° C.7 Days No white particles upon visual 5° C. 10 Days No white particlesupon visual 5° C. 4 Weeks No white particles upon visual Freeze/ 0 DaysNo white particles upon visual Thaw −10° C./25° C. Freeze/ 6 Days Nowhite particles upon visual Thaw −10° C./25° C. Freezer −10° C. 0 DaysNo white particles upon visual Freezer −10° C. 24 Hours No whiteparticles upon visual Freezer −10° C. 3 Days No white particles uponvisual Freezer −10° C. 7 Days No white particles upon visual Freezer−10° C. 10 Days No white particles upon visual Freezer −10° C. 4 WeeksNumerous white particles observed. After 3 days at room temperature(~20-25° C.), white particles disappeared. *“No white particles” meansthat all of the ingredients within the Table 1 Gel remained solubilized.

Example 6 In Vivo Data

The information in Table 4 provides in vivo data concerning theaesthetic/tactile properties of using the gel described in Table 1.Scoring was based on a scale of 1-5 as follows: 1=Strongly Disagree;2=Somewhat Disagree; 3=Neither Agree Nor Disagree; 4=Somewhat Agree;5=Strongly Agree.

TABLE 4 # of Average Question Panelists Score Applies Evenly 58 4.7 Doesnot feel oily or greasy 58 4.5 Is suitable for my skin type 57 4.5 Islightweight 57 4.6 Absorbs quickly 58 4.6 Dries quickly 58 4.5 Appliessmoothly 58 4.7 Refines skin texture 58 3.9 Helps to reduce theappearance of pores 56 3.7 Provides a matte finish 58 4.3 Visiblyminimizes the appearance of wrinkles 55 3.2 Helps even my skin tone 583.6 Allows my foundation to be easily applied 58 4.4 Provides a naturalfinish 57 4.2 Provides a smooth canvas for foundation application 57 4.4Helps perfect my complexion 58 3.8 Provides a translucent finish 56 4.2Visibly minimizes the appearance of fine lines 55 3.3 Provides aflawless finish 56 4.0 Perfects my skin 57 3.6 Helps skin look smoother58 4.1 Primer feels luxurious 58 4.2 Does not leave an oily or greasyafter feel 58 4.6 Improves the application of the foundation 58 4.3Extends the wear of my makeup 57 4.0 Helps my foundation remain fresh 574.0 Helps prevent oil breakthrough 51 3.8 Skin looks younger 55 3.5Helps foundation go on smoother 57 4.2 Provides luxurious after feel 564.1 Skin looks healthier 56 3.5 Provides a shine free canvas 55 4.1Helps skin look firmer 54 3.3 Helps to reduce the appearance of skin 563.5 imperfections

The panelists for the data in Table 4 were women aged 21 to 65. 7% ofthe panelists had self-classified dry skin. 32% of the panelists hadself-classified normal skin with some dryness. 11% of the panelists hadself-classified normal skin. 45% of the panelists had self-classifiedcombination oil T-zone skin. 5% of the panelists had self-classifiedoily skin. 14% of the panelists used a cream-based foundation with thestudy. 47% of the panelists used a liquid-based foundation with thestudy. 7% of the panelists used a cream to powder-based foundation withthe study. 32% of the panelists used a powder/mineral powder-basedfoundation with the study.

* * *

All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed in thisspecification can be made and executed without undue experimentation inlight of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods ofthis invention have been described in terms of particular embodiments,it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may beapplied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in thesequence of steps of the method described herein without departing fromthe concept, spirit and scope of the invention.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplaryprocedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, arespecifically incorporated herein by reference.

CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 12^(th)Ed., 2008.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A topical gel composition consisting of:(a) at least 50% w/w isododecane; (b) homosalate; (c)dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20 crosspolymer; (d) octisalate; (e)polysilicone-11; (f) VP/hexadecene copolymer; (g) octocrylene; (h)avobenzone; (i) silica; (j) C12-15 alkyl benzoate; (k) polyester-7; (l)tribehenin; (m) neopentyl glycol diheptanoate; (n) dipropylene glycoldibenzoate; and (o) PPG-15 stearyl ether benzoate.
 2. The topical gelcomposition of claim 1 consisting of: (a) 58.73% w/w isododecane; (b) 9%w/w homosalate; (c) 5.55% w/w dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20crosspolymer; (d) 5% w/w octisalate; (e) 3.72% w/w polysilicone-11; (f)3.5% w/w VP/hexadecene copolymer; (g) 3% w/w octocrylene; (h) 2.5% w/wavobenzone; (i) 2.5% w/w silica; (j) 2.1% w/w C12-15 alkyl benzoate; (k)1.5% w/w polyester-7; (l) 1% w/w tribehenin; (m) 1% w/w neopentyl glycoldiheptanoate; (n) 0.75% w/w dipropylene glycol dibenzoate; and (o) 0.15%w/w PPG-15 stearyl ether benzoate.